Peacekeeping operations
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The Security Council can establish peacekeeping missions in response to disputes or threats to peace. Such missions have had mandates ranging from traditional methods of resolving disputes peacefully under Chapter VI, such as promoting reconciliation, assisting with the implementation of a peace agreement, or performing mediation and good offices, and more forceful action as authorized under Chapter VII which can authorize a range of measures including the use of force under Article 42 of the Charter.[1]
Principles of peacekeeping
The 2008 Capstone doctrine articulated three principles of peacekeeping:
- Consent of the parties
- Impartiality
- Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate
List of peacekeeping missions
Current missions are denoted in bold.
| Mission | Acronym | Established | Closed | Region | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United Nations Truce Supervision Organization | UNTSO | 1948-05 | Ongoing | Middle East | First peacekeeping mission |
| 2 | United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan | UNMOGIP | 1949-01 | Ongoing | Asia/Pacific | |
| 3 | United Nations Emergency Force I | UNEF I | 1956-11 | 1967-06 | Middle East | Suez; Egypt-Israel |
| 4 | United Nations Observation Group in Lebanon | UNOGIL | 1958-06 | 1958-12 | Middle East | |
| 5 | United Nations Operation in the Congo | ONUC | 1960-07 | 1964-06 | Africa | |
| 6 | United Nations Security Force in West New Guinea | UNSF | 1962-10 | 1963-04 | Asia/Pacific | |
| 7 | United Nations Yemen Observation Mission | UNYOM | 1963-06 | 1964-09 | Middle East | |
| 8 | Mission of the Representative of the Secretary-General in the Dominican Republic | DOMREP | 1965-05 | 1966-10 | Americas | |
| 9 | United Nations India-Pakistan Observation Mission | UNIPOM | 1965-09 | 1966-03 | Asia/Pacific | |
| 10 | United Nations Emergency Force II | UNEF II | 1973-10 | 1979-07 | Middle East | Suez; Egypt-Israel |
| 11 | United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus | UNFICYP | 1974-03 | Ongoing | Europe | |
| 12 | United Nations Disengagement Observer Force | UNDOF | 1974-05 | Ongoing | Golan Heights; Israel-Syria | |
| 13 | United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon | UNIFIL | 1978-03 | Ongoing | Middle East | Mandate and strength significantly expanded in 2006[2] |
| 14 | United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group | UNIIMOG | 1988-08 | 1991-02 | Middle East | |
| 15 | United Nations Transition Assistance Group | UNTAG | 1989-04 | 1990-03 | Africa | Namibia |
| 16 | United Nations Observer Group in Central America | ONUCA | 1989-11 | 1992-01 | Americas | |
| 17 | United Nations Angola Verification Mission I | UNAVEM I | 1989-12 | 1991-06 | Africa | |
| 18 | United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara | MINURSO | 1991-04 | Ongoing | Africa | |
| 19 | United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission | UNIKOM | 1991-04 | 2003-10 | Middle East | |
| 20 | United Nations Angola Verification Mission II | UNAVEM II | 1991-05 | 1995-02 | Africa | |
| 21 | United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador | ONUSAL | 1991-05 | 1995-04 | Americas | |
| 22 | United Nations Advance Mission in Cambodia | UNAMIC | 1991-10 | 1992-03 | Asia/Pacific | |
| 23 | United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia | UNTAC | 1992-02 | 1993-09 | Asia/Pacific | follow-on to UNAMIC |
| 24 | United Nations Protection Force | UNPROFOR | 1992-02 | 1995-03 | Europe | Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, TFYR Macedonia |
| 25 | United Nations Operation in Somalia I | UNOSOM I | 1992-04 | 1993-03 | Africa | |
| 26 | United Nations Operation in Mozambique | ONUMOZ | 1992-12 | 1994-12 | Africa | |
| 27 | United Nations Operation in Somalia II | UNOSOM II | 1993-03 | 1995-03 | Africa | |
| 28 | United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda | UNOMUR | 1993-06 | 1994-09 | Africa | |
| 29 | United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia | UNOMIG | 1993-08 | 2009-06 | Europe | Russia vetoed mandate renewal |
| 30 | United Nations Mission in Haiti | UNMIH | 1993-09 | 1996-06 | Americas | |
| 31 | United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia | UNOMIL | 1993-09 | 1997-09 | Africa | |
| 32 | United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda | UNAMIR | 1993-10 | 1996-03 | Africa | |
| 33 | United Nations Aouzou Strip Observer Group | UNASOG | 1994-05 | 1994-06 | Africa | Chad—Libya |
| 34 | United Nations Mission of Observers in Tajikistan | UNMOT | 1994-12 | 2000-05 | Asia/Pacific | |
| 35 | United Nations Angola Verification Mission III | UNAVEM III | 1995-02 | 1997-06 | Africa | |
| 36 | United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia | UNCRO | 1995-03 | 1996-01 | Europe | |
| 37 | United Nations Preventive Deployment Force | UNPREDEP | 1995-03 | 1999-02 | Europe | TFYR Macedonia |
| 38 | United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina | UNMIBH | 1995-12 | 2002-12 | Europe | |
| 39 | United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium | UNTAES | 1996-01 | 1998-01 | Europe | |
| 40 | United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka | UNMOP | 1996-01 | 2002-12 | Europe | Croatia-Yugoslavia |
| 41 | United Nations Support Mission in Haiti | UNSMIH | 1996-06 | 1997-07 | Americas | |
| 42 | United Nations Verification Mission in Guatemala | MINUGUA | 1997-01 | 1997-05 | Americas | |
| 43 | United Nations Observer Mission in Angola | MONUA | 1997-06 | 1999-02 | Africa | |
| 44 | United Nations Transition Mission in Haiti | UNTMIH | 1997-07 | 1997-11 | Americas | follow-up to UNSMIH |
| 45 | United Nations Civilian Police Mission in Haiti | MIPONUH | 1997-11 | 2000-03 | Americas | |
| 46 | United Nations Civilian Police Support Group | UNCPSG | 1998-01 | 1998-10 | Europe | follow-up to UNTAES |
| 47 | United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic | MINURCA | 1998-03 | 2000-02 | Africa | |
| 48 | United Nations Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan | UNGOMAP | 1998-05 | 1990-03 | Asia/Pacific | |
| 49 | United Nations Observer Mission in Sierra Leone | UNOMSIL | 1998-07 | 1999-10 | Africa | |
| 50 | United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo | UNMIK | 1999-06 | Ongoing | Europe | Executive mandate until 2008[3] |
| 51 | United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone | UNAMSIL | 1999-10 | 2005-12 | Africa | |
| 52 | United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor | UNTAET | 1999-10 | 2002-05 | Asia/Pacific | |
| 53 | United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo | MONUC | 1999-11 | 2010-06 | Africa | |
| 54 | United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea | UNMEE | 2000-07 | 2008-07 | Africa | |
| 55 | United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor | UNMISET | 2002-05 | 2005-05 | Asia/Pacific | |
| 56 | United Nations Mission in Côte d'Ivoire | MINUCI | 2003-05 | 2014-04 | Africa | |
| 57 | United Nations Mission in Liberia | UNMIL | 2003-09 | 2018-03 | Africa | |
| 58 | United Nations Operations in Côte d'Ivoire | UNOCI | 2004-04 | 2017-06 | Africa | ONUCI (Fr) |
| 59 | United Nations Operation in Burundi | ONUB | 2004-05 | 2006-12 | Africa | |
| 60 | United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti | MINUSTAH | 2004-06 | 2017-10 | Americas | 2010 Haiti earthquake |
| 61 | United Nations Mission in the Sudan | UNMIS | 2005-03 | 2011-07 | Africa | |
| 62 | United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste | UNMIT | 2006-08 | 2012-12 | Asia/Pacific | |
| 63 | African Union/United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur | UNAMID | 2007-07 | Ongoing | Africa | First UN/AU hybrid operation |
| 64 | United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad | MINURCAT | 2007-09 | 2010-12 | Africa | |
| 65 | United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo | MONUSCO | 2010-07 | Ongoing | Africa | MONUC name change[4] |
| 66 | United Nations Interim Force in Abyei | UNISFA | 2011-06 | Ongoing | Africa | Sudan-South Sudan |
| 67 | United Nations Mission in South Sudan | UNMISS | 2011-07 | Ongoing | Africa | Mandate changed in response to Dec 2013 crisis[5] |
| 68 | United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria | UNSMIS | 2012-04 | 2012-08 | Middle East | |
| 69 | United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali | MINUSMA | 2013-04 | Ongoing | Africa | |
| 70 | United Nations Mission for Justice Support in Haiti | MINUJUSTH | 2017-10 | Ongoing | Americas | follow-up to MINUSTAH |
Other activities financed as peacekeeping
| Name | Acronym | Established | Closed | Region | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Light Support Package for the African Union Mission in the Sudan (AMIS) | LSP | 2006-12[6] | Africa | ||
| 2 | Heavy Support Package for the African Union Mission in the Sudan (AMIS) | HSP | 2007-04[7] | Africa | UNAMID formally replaced AMIS in December 2007 | |
| 3 | United Nations Support Office for the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) | UNSOA | 2009-01 | 2015-11 | Africa | Originally referred to as "Activities arising from Security Council resolution 1863 (2009)" |
| 4 | United Nations Support Office in Somalia | UNSOS | 2015-11 | Ongoing | Africa | replaced UNSOA; also supports UNSOM |
See also
- Types of peacekeeping missions
- Mandated tasks
- Peacekeeping financing
- Support to African peace support operations
- Repertoire of Practice of the Security Council: Peacekeeping missions; has a useful summary of each mission and information on relevant Security Council decisions
References
- ↑ Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council: Peacekeeping Missions
- ↑ Security Council resolution 1701 (2006)
- ↑ Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (S/2008/692)
- ↑ Security Council resolution 1925 (2010)
- ↑ Security Council resolution 2155 (2014)
- ↑ Date of approval by Sudan, as per para 41 of S/2007/307/Rev.1
- ↑ Date of approval by Sudan, as per para 45 of S/2007/307/Rev.1